People who have had contact with infected birds may also be given influenza antiviral drugs preventatively. Get Email Updates. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: Email Address. What's this? Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. CDC is not responsible for Section compliance accessibility on other federal or private website. In cases where limited human-to-human transmission of Asian HPAI H5N1 virus is thought to have occurred, spread has occurred after a very long period of unprotected close contact hours in length with a very sick blood-related family member e.
This has been reported to have occurred in a home and in a hospital room. For example, a report in from Thailand, describes probable limited human-to-human HPAI Asian H5N1 virus spread in a family resulting from prolonged and very close contact between an ill child and her mother in a hospital room.
In this situation, eight people in one family were infected. The first family member is thought to have become ill through contact with infected poultry.
This person then infected six family members through close prolonged contact. One of those six people a child then infected another family member his father. All of the cases were blood-related family members. No further spread outside of the exposed family was identified.
Animal Production and Health Paper. Cdc-pdf [1. Harders, N. Abstract We detected infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus clade 2. Figure Figure. Video Video. European bat lyssaviruses, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. Multiple reassorted viruses as cause of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 virus epidemic, the Netherlands, Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, Transbound Emerg Dis.
Marschall J , Hartmann K. Avian influenza A H5N1 infections in cats. J Feline Med Surg. Fatal avian influenza A H5N1 in a dog. Sci Rep. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in red foxes fed infected bird carcasses.
ProMED Mar Avian influenza, human 02 : Russia, H5N8, first case. ProMED Feb Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Jolianne Rijks, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Androclus kamer O.
Comments character s remaining. Comment submitted successfully, thank you for your feedback. There was an unexpected error. Message not sent. Hence, almost all human infections have been related to close contact with infected or sick birds or their faecal products in domestic settings, e.
The circulation of HPAI A H5N1 in bird populations in different regions of the world has contributed to the emergence of different virus clades [4]. Clinical criteria Any person with one of the following two: — Fever AND signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection — Death from an unexplained acute respiratory illness.
Laboratory criteria At least one of the following three: — Isolation of influenza A H5N1 from a clinical specimen — Detection of influenza A H5 nucleic acid in a clinical specimen — Influenza A H5 specific antibody response fourfold or greater rise or single high titre.
Epidemiological criteria At least one of the following four: — Human-to-human transmission by having been in close contact within one metre to a person reported as probable or confirmed case — Laboratory exposure: where there is a potential exposure to influenza A H5N1 — Close contact within one metre with an animal with confirmed A H5N1 infection other than poultry or wild birds e. Case classification A. Possible case Any person meeting the clinical and the epidemiological criteria.
In , Hong Kong identified the first human infections. In , the first confirmed human cases were notified by WHO, and since then more human cases and fatalities have been reported by WHO see detailed timeline. No human cases have been reported in Europe, where cats and mustelids were the only mammals found to be infected. The clinical course of human cases of A H5N1 is characterised by initial fever and cough, with rapid progression to lower respiratory disease.
Upper respiratory tract symptoms of rhinorrhoea and sore throat might not be common in all patients, but the disease can progress to respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS and multi-organ failure [5]. The CFR has been lower in Egypt, which may be due to a lower virulence of the virus clade and the early detection as well as better treatment of human cases.
The incubation period for A H5N1 infection has been estimated to be up to seven days, although it is usually two to five days after the last known exposure to sick or dead poultry. Longer periods have, however, been suggested [5]. A subset of avian influenza viruses may infect humans; whenever such viruses are circulating in poultry, sporadic infections or small clusters of human cases are possible in people exposed to infected poultry or contaminated environments, especially related to backyard settings.
Human infections remain rare, and influenza A H5N1 viruses do not appear to transmit easily between people. Small clusters with the same exposure prior to disease onset have been observed, yet no sustained human-to-human transmission has been identified. Human cases have reported direct exposure to apparently healthy looking or sick poultry, mostly backyard poultry before onset of disease.
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